Review of the thermal performance and management of lithium-ion battery in battery electric vehicles

Abstract

Today the whole world is faced with climate change concerns; fossil fuel depletion has necessitated the automotive industry to search for alternative vehicle propulsion systems. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) utilize advanced powertrains that rely solely on electric energy storage devices, primarily lithium-ion batteries. Their swift advancement and increasing popularity stem from their zero tank-to-wheel (TTW) emissions and the ability to incorporate regenerative braking systems. However, to maximize power output and prolong the life of lithium-ion batteries, it's essential to keep their temperature between 20°C and 30°C, which mirrors the optimal range for human comfort. In contrast to internal combustion engines, BEVs do not require extensive cooling systems; they only necessitate limited thermal management. Managing the thermal conditions of lithium-ion batteries poses considerable challenges, especially in sub-Saharan regions, where ambient temperatures can reach as high as 45°C. This paper comprehensively reviews and emphasizes the significance of effective thermal management techniques for ensuring BEVs' safe and efficient operation. The paper examines various cooling approaches, such as air cooling, phase change materials, and liquid cooling, referring to relevant literature to demonstrate their effectiveness. Furthermore, the study evaluates BEV performance across different driving cycles, including the Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS) and the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). This study offers insights into thermal management strategies for lithium-ion batteries in BEVs. The findings have practical implications for BEV design and operation, making them directly relevant to the automotive industry.