Impacts of seasonal climate fluctuations on water accessibility and livelihoods in rural communities of Mopa Muro Lga, Kogi State

Abstract

This study was motivated by the increasing impacts of seasonal climate fluctuations on water accessibility and rural livelihoods across Nigeria, which threaten agricultural productivity and household well-being. The research aimed to assess how variations in rainfall patterns affect water availability, agricultural performance, and livelihood outcomes in Mopa Muro Local Government Area, Kogi State A mixed-methods approach was adopted, involving household surveys of 250 respondents, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews, complemented by a 30-year (1994–2024) rainfall data analysis to evaluate climatic variability. Descriptive and inferential analyses were used to examine the relationships between rainfall variability, water access, and livelihood indicators. Findings showed that mean annual rainfall was 1,320 mm, with a coefficient of variation of 18.7%, signifying high inter-annual variability. During the dry season, 73% of households experienced acute water shortages, and daily water availability dropped by 46% compared to the wet season. Crop yields of maize and yam declined by 28% and 22%, respectively, in below-average rainfall years, while 65% of respondents reported disrupted planting cycles and reliance on supplementary irrigation. Livestock rearing was also affected, with 58% of households reducing herd sizes. Economically, 68% reported income declines, and 54% experienced food insecurity. The discussion revealed that these outcomes align with broader findings in Kogi State and central Nigeria, underscoring how rainfall variability undermines water security and rural livelihoods. The study concludes that seasonal climate fluctuations substantially threaten water accessibility and livelihood stability in Mopa Muro LGA. It recommends investment in small-scale irrigation, expansion of borehole infrastructure, and adoption of climate-smart agriculture. The application of indigenous knowledge and integrated water resource management would strengthen community resilience, enhance productivity, and promote sustainable livelihoods under increasing climate variability.